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Environmental criticism is a relatively new discipline that brings the global problem of environmental crisis to the forefront of literary and cultural studies. This introduction defines what eco-criticism is and provides a set of conceptual tools to encourage students to look at the texts they're reading in a new way.

• Sales Rank: #797826 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Cambridge University Press
• Published on: 2011-02-14
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.98" h x .51" w x 5.98" l, .95 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 267 pages

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• Used Book in Good Condition

Review
"This book offers an explanatory overview of ecocentric literary and cultural criticism and serves as an introduction to the concepts, methods, and arguments of ecocriticism."
-Scott Slovic,Isle of Oxford Journals

"In this superb book, Timothy Clark has achieved what the best introductions for students achieve: brief, accurate and readable summaries of the main positions in a field, combined with a series of provocative and stimulating questions to be explored in class. Clark has done this and more - he has written a book that any ecocritic should read, since as well as setting out the central dilemmas with a rare clarity and sharpness, it asks searching questions that challenge some of ecocriticism's most established positions."
-Richard Kerridge, Green Letters

"Far from a pedestrian college textbook, Clark's Introduction to Literature and the Environment is an erudite survey of ecocriticsm accessible to both scholar and student, as well as a practical tool for demonstrating literature's representation of and engagement with environmental issues of all kinds ... I can think of no better intellectual map of ecocriticism's present state or future prospects than this book."
Modern Philology

About the Author
Timothy Clark is Professor of English at Durham University.

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3 of 4 people found the following review helpful.
Neither fish nor fowl (3.8-ish stars)
By A. J. Sutter
Reading this book about "ecocriticism" made me recall a word I had to learn during one of the duller stretches of 10th grade English: "congeries," meaning a heap or aggregation of disparate items. That's pretty much what this is: the book's 20 chapters cover a wide selection of topics, but even reading it cover to cover didn't give me a more coherent idea of what ecocriticism is than I had before.

Apparently the term not only takes in criticism of fiction, poetry, and drama, but also of non-fiction genres such as essayistic nature writing and science popularisations. On top of that it also often seems to morph into things like ontology (e.g., Chap. 6, which questions the ontological status of human beings as distinct from machines) or sociology of science (e.g., Chap. 15, which raises the question of what counts as good science). Unfortunately, the book doesn't present a clear case for what critiques of climate science or sociobiology *as such* have in common with critiques of Wordsworth, Mary Shelley and *essays about* climate change or sociobiology, even though all of these topics come within the book's ambit. Sometimes TC even muddles these distinctions, as when in a discussion of Stephen Jay Gould's essays he suggests that the notion of punctuated equilibrium is "idiosyncratic" to Gould and does not warrant the "public authority" his essays give it (@171) -- I suspect many paleontologists might differ with this.

That's not to say that critiques of science and critiques of literature couldn't have anything in common. For example, it seems plausible that you could apply some form of discourse analysis to scholarly scientific papers, conference proceedings, journalistic reporting, advertising, etc. no less than to literary and popular genres. It's too bad that TC doesn't explore such avenues more specifically. Had he done so, a title something like "The Cambridge Introduction to Environmental Discourse" might have been an appropriate frame to help the reader see how all this stuff could hang together.

As it is, though, the book's approach isn't unifying but kaleidoscopic -- with all of the connotations of fragmentation and disorientation that metaphor suggests. Very possibly TC doesn't deserve most of the blame for this incoherence: a lot of it might have to do with diverse camps of humanities scholars all trying to jump onto the "eco" bandwagon, as Education ministries in the UK and elsewhere demand they provide evidence of their productivity, competitiveness, and relevance. Whoever is to blame, though, the reader who's new to this field can't be faulted for concluding that "ecocriticism" is more about fashion than about synergy.

On the plus side, TC's perspective isn't entirely Anglophone, as he brings in some German touches with discussions of philosophers Martin Heidegger and Hubert Zapf and fiction writers Christa Wolf and Wilhelm Raabe, among others. (TC seems eager to exculpate Heidegger of racism (@59), something not really feasible when this book came out and now much less so with the 2014 publication of his "Schwarze Hefte" [black notebooks]; at the same time he refers to Heidegger's being perceived as an archetypical "eco-fascist" (id.), a term not defined until two chapters later (@74), leaving me wondering whether the humor was intentional or inadvertent.) Of course the Three Musketeers (Foucault, Deleuze, Guattari) also make an obligatory appearance, along with D'Artagnan (Bruno Latour).

Unfortunately, TC accepts Latour's definition of "political ecology" as the paradigmatic one, thereby ignoring an older and more fruitful line of thinking put forward by André Gorz, Ivan Illich, Jacques Ellul and others. He also ignores virtually the entire sustainability literature produced by economists. Some of this, particularly Robert Solow's notion of weak sustainability and the dialogue about discount rates led by Nicholas Stern and William Nordhaus, is very directly relevant to topics in the book, such as the "rights of the not-yet-born" (@110). And for someone who is quick to point out the political implications of most arguments, it's a pity TC lets post-humanism off without any criticism of its implications for democracy (Chap. 6). When writers like Timothy Morton read "Frankenstein" to mean that "the task becomes to love the disgusting, the inert and the meaningless," and that "the most ethical act is to love the other precisely in their artificiality" (quoted @ 70), TC raises no question about who makes the decisions to release these monstrosities into the world. Just because crazed billionaire Tony Stark-wannabes have the ego, desire and resources to do so doesn't mean that we should all have to suffer the consequences.

I suspect that the misleading title of this book came at the insistence of some CUP editor, given that the title of the series in which it appears is "Cambridge Introductions to Literature." If only that person could have applied the same gung-ho spirit to fixing the presentation of references, which is extremely inconvenient for a book of this sort. Unless you read the book in chapter order (as I did) and read all endnotes assiduously and with a photographic memory (as I did not), you'll find many endnotes just give an author surname, a short title and a page number without any indication of other bibliographic information (as happened to me almost all the time). I had to resort to Amazon's "Look Inside" feature to find full information for some of the notes that interested me, which often was buried 20 pages or more prior to where I was looking: e.g., the full cite for Chap. 14, note 15 on p. 224 is findable only as note 15 of the Introduction, on p. 204. The nature of a book like this is that many readers will read chapters selectively and/or in multiple sittings over an extended period of time, and/or will look up only those notes that they need to. All abbreviated references should should have indicated the location of the first citation or, better yet, there should have been a full bibliography to accompany the notes.

The text is also decorated with a number of unattractive and unfunny cartoons that add neither insight nor humor. I'm somewhat generous in my star-rating, since it's possible that the book's flaws are a faithful reflection of the field itself, and that those who are caught up in the glass bead game of academic literary studies might benefit from this work's presentation of their professors' preoccupations. But I emerged from the book much more skeptical about the enterprise of ecocriticism than when I entered.

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This book stands against the current of judgments long settled in the schools of law in regard to classic cases such as Lochner v. New York, Near v. Minnesota, the Pentagon Papers case, and Bob Jones University v. United States. Professor Hadley Arkes takes as his subject concepts long regarded as familiar, settled principles in our law - "prior restraints," ex post facto laws - and he shows that there is actually a mystery about them, that their meaning is not as settled or clear as we have long supposed. Those mysteries have often given rise to illusions or at least a series of puzzles in our law. They have at times acted as a lens through which we view the landscape of the law. We often see what the lens has made us used to seeing, instead of seeing what is actually there. Arkes tries to show, in this text, that the logic of the natural law provides the key to this chain of puzzles.

• Sales Rank: #866024 in Books
• Published on: 2010-05-31
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.98" h x .63" w x 5.98" l, .86 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 282 pages

Review
"Who but Hadley Arkes could produce a page-turner on classic constitutional cases? Constitutional Illusions and Anchoring Truths is just that-an intellectually thrilling hunt for truths about man, nature and government encoded in decisions so familiar that we have lost awareness of their deepest meanings."
-Mary Ann Glendon, Harvard University Law School

"With a rare combination of rigor and wit, Professor Arkes sheds new light on the principles animating Supreme Court cases long thought familiar. His penetrating analysis is a welcome challenge to understandings too often taken for granted in the academy and in the courts. This thought-provoking book will captivate anyone concerned about the legal and moral framework of our constitutional system."
-Diarmuid F. O'Scannlain, United States Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit

"For over a generation, Hadley Arkes has been America's most articulate and cogent defender of the limited, but important and indispensable, role of moral reasoning in constitutional adjudication. Constitutional Illusions is his best book yet, a fitting capstone to a most distinguished career. In this new work, Arkes explores with characteristic subtlety such leading Supreme Court cases as Lochner v. New York, Near v. Minnesota, and The Pentagon Papers Case. In each instance, he uncovers the scarcely acknowledged moral structure of the Court's decision, and subjects it to a critical analysis. But the main concern of Illusions is a characteristic feature of today's judicial conservatism, which Arkes rightly attributes to Justice Scalia and Robbert Bork: that constitutional interpretation must steer clear of natural law, or unrestricted moral reasoning. Arkes argues forcefully that natural law has more to do with judicial review than these and other conservatives allow, though still less than most liberals claim that it does."
-Gerard V. Bradley, University of Notre Dame Law School

"With considerable wit and charm, Constitutional Illusions and Anchoring Truths seeks to challenge conventional wisdom as it invites the reader to puzzle anew about old constitutional questions. In his urbane manner, Hadley Arkes may be among the most gifted prose stylists writing today."
-George Thomas, Claremont McKenna College

"Hadley Arkes's Constitutional Illusions and Anchoring Truths clearly illustrates the value, famously emphasized by John Stuart Mill, of attending to important, carefully-considered-if also unconventional, unsettling, or contrarian-arguments. Professor Arkes remains one of the law's most gifted and rewarding prose stylists."
-R. George Wright, Indiana University School of Law, Indianapolis

"Hadley Arkes is a well-known scholar, a superb stylist, and perpetual gadfly disturbing the peace of scholars on both the right and the left. Constitutional Illusions and Anchoring Truths continues his project of elaborating a 'natural law' approach to jurisprudence, which argues that implicit in widely-accepted forms of legal reasoning is a commitment to certain principles of reason that transcend the text itself. He develops his argument through discussions of ex post facto laws, the Eleventh Amendment, substantive due process, prior restraint, and the Bob Jones case, and nothing indicates Arkes's skill as a writer and thinker better than his ability to find novel and fascinating perspectives on cases talked about endlessly by others. Constantly thought-provoking, chock-full of original insights, and elegantly written, this book is a powerful reminder to everyone that written law cannot be interpreted without reference to the fundamental moral understandings within which it is embedded."
-Christopher Wolfe, Marquette University

"In his extraordinary book, Arkes's powerful intellect, wit, encyclopedic knowledge, and grace are all on full display as he takes us through a number of landmark cases that we thought we knew - cases whose meaning, we thought, was firmly settled - only to have him show us that we do not know them as we thought we did. He shows us what a difference it makes if we read these cases with more attentiveness to their reasoning and a clearer sense of the logical properties of their propositions. In short, he shows us by his example how we, too, can be freed from the tyranny of understanding landmark cases through the eyes of others."
-Ralph Rossum, Claremont McKenna College

Arkes is a witty and elegant writer, more so than many other philosophers who have addressed these issues..."
-Timothy Sandefur, California Lawyer

"Arkes's treatment is fresh, subtle, concise, careful, edifying, and at times, startlingly funny....The author's profound scholarship is sharply focused, and his skill in handling this deep and extensive knowledge with great verve is remarkable. This book is imbued of insight, common sense, and clear-sighted wisdom. It is a genuine pleasure to read."
-Appellate Practice Journal

"Hadley Arkes... ranks high among America's most elegant and creative constitutional theorists. His latest work, Constitutional Illusions and Anchoring Truths: The Touchstone of the Natural Law, does not disappoint, taking readers through a reexamination and reconsideration of both well-known and obscure constitutional cases to reach surprising and provocative insights."
-Michael D. Ramsey, University of San Diego School of Law, Library of Law and Liberty

"For those familiar with Professor Arkes's formidable body of work, this book will be seen as a culmination of his life-long efforts to seek the truth and defend it.... Be prepared to see old cases and legal concepts in a new light; be prepared to have your thoughts powerfully provoked; be prepared to be amused. Here is a superb book on Constitutional jurisprudence which is charming, unsettling, and memorable." -Denis Owens, Appellate Practice Journal

About the Author
Hadley Arkes is Edward Ney Professor of American Institutions and Jurisprudence in the Department of Political Science at Amherst College. He is the author of six books, most notably First Things (1986), Beyond the Constitution (1990), and Natural Rights and the Right to Choose (Cambridge University Press, 2002). His articles have appeared in professional journals as well as the Wall Street Journal, the Weekly Standard, National Review, and First Things, a journal that took its name from his book of that title.

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6 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
Peter P. Fuchs must have been having a bad-hair day!
By G. Gruber
I read the book, and then read the reviews. Looking at the review by Peter P. Fuchs, I went to page 61 (as he invited his readers to do). I conclude his remarks as a reviewer exhibit a one-star mind! Move on, nothing to learn from this one.

I would not argue that Arkes is always an "easy read." But, I never found it to be a "difficult read" either.

1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Five Stars
By Linda R. McMahon
Outstanding.

1 of 2 people found the following review helpful.
A difficult read but worth it
By F. Joyce
The author presents a compelling case for natural law as the foundation of our constitutional law and all that flows from it. The argument I would rate as five stars. His writing style unfortunately is ponderous and badly in need of an editor.

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!! PDF Download Secularism and State Policies toward Religion: The United States, France, and Turkey, by Ahmet T. Kuru

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Why do secular states pursue different policies toward religion? This book provides a generalizable argument about the impact of ideological struggles on the public policy making process, as well as a state-religion regimes index of 197 countries. More specifically, it analyzes why American state policies are largely tolerant of religion, whereas French and Turkish policies generally prohibit its public visibility, as seen in their bans on Muslim headscarves. In the United States, the dominant ideology is "passive secularism," which requires the state to play a passive role, by allowing public visibility of religion. Dominant ideology in France and Turkey is "assertive secularism," which demands that the state play an assertive role in excluding religion from the public sphere. Passive and assertive secularism became dominant in these cases through certain historical processes, particularly the presence or absence of an ancien régime based on the marriage between monarchy and hegemonic religion during state-building periods.

• Sales Rank: #1235668 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Cambridge University Press
• Published on: 2009-04-20
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.98" h x .75" w x 5.98" l, 1.14 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 334 pages

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• Used Book in Good Condition

Review
"Professor Kuru's authoritative study, written with remarkable precision, asks taboo-breaking questions and provides iconoclastic responses to them in strict accordance with the maxim facta non verba. First, it shatters the deeply internalized myth that Turkish laïcité is unquestionably sui generis and thus cannot be compared with any other case. Second, it rebuffs the widely accepted premise that Islam and secularism are inherently incompatible, and that assertive secularism would therefore be the only working model for Muslim societies. Third, it clearly shows that in its application of assertive secularism Turkey has gone far beyond its historical model, the French laïcité of the Third Republic. This exemplary piece of scholarship further offers invaluable insight into the present-day tug-of-war over secularism in Turkey." - M. Şükrü Hanioğlu, Princeton University

"Kuru's work speaks to a wide audience. Substantively, it explains both the formation and policy consequences of various forms of secularism, which should interest scholars and students of a wide array of subjects. With a precise analytical framework and engaging historical narrative, it introduces the relevance of ideology to the study of religion and politics. It also combines deductive theory witha rich empirical analysis that is sensitive to the historical context. This book deserves high praise for managing to cross so many boundaries in such a sophisticated manner." - Middle East Policy

"...Kuru demonstrates that much can be gleaned from further study of these three constitutionally secular cases. Secularism and State Policies Towards Religion sets a new standard for such studies and should be required reading for anyone interested in the relationship between religion and state.... While Kuru focuses on three states, his theoretical framework is potentially applicable to a wider range of states. I believe the significance of this contribution will be seen in future studies of the role of religion in government policy in which I expect this book to become a required citation." - Jonathan Fox, Bar Ilan University, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion

"Kuru's... book is original, scholarly, and wide-ranging, lifting the account of the relationship between religion and politics in Turkey out of the normal single-country context or the simpler comparison with other Muslim societies. Readers whose main interest in the Turkish or Muslim context may be inclined to skip the chapters on the United States and France, but by doing so they will miss an important part of the book which should be illuminating reading for anyone concerned with the role of religion in modern democracies." - William Hale, School of Oriental and African Studies, Middle East Journal

"I recommend this book highly to anyone interested in church-state issues, or in the comparative study of religion and politics. Students of American politics could learn from the book as well, since it puts contemporary US church-state debates in a broader context." - Clyde Wilcox, Georgetown University, Journal of Church and State

"Professor Kuru's book is, no doubt, a major contribution to the international literature on the subject, as well as being a much-needed scholarly contribution to the current debates in Turkey, which often presents a picture of a dialogue of the deaf." Ergun Özbudun, Bilkent University, Insight Turkey

"Relying on an extensive list of legal and political documents, interviews with political elites, and existing research sources.... Kuru has produced an impressive body of research. He has shown effectively that ideology can shape preferences and frame debates.... Secularism and State Policies toward Religion helps us understand both the origins and consequences of the variety of secular states and the policies that result." - Roger Finke, Penn State University, Contemporary Sociology

"Secularism and State Policies toward Religion is a very well-written, well-organized, well-argued and easy-to-read book on an important and difficult topic: it is a comparative in-depth analysis of three different regimes of secularism." - Menderes Çınar, Başkent University, New Perspectives on Turkey

"Kuru's book is a priceless contribution to the cutting-edge debate on state-religion interaction... [It] is the best comparative book that has been published recently on contested state attitudes and policies toward religion... The book succeeds in incorporating an extremely nuanced understanding of each of the three cases without losing terminological clarity, analytical consistency, and theoretical depth." - Berna Turam, Northeastern University, International Journal of Middle East Studies

"...Kuru has produced a first-class scholarly volume with significant theoretical and conceptual contribution to the field of comparative politics, particularly concerning state-society relations." -Hasan Kösebalaban, Contemporary Islam

About the Author
Ahmet T. Kuru is Assistant Professor of Political Science at San Diego State University. He is currently a Postdoctoral Research Scholar at and Assistant Director of the Center for the Study of Democracy, Toleration, and Religion at SIPA of Columbia University. His dissertation, on which this book is based, received the Aaron Wildavsky Award for the best dissertation from the Religion and Politics Section of the American Political Science Association. He is the author of several articles that have appeared in journals such as World Politics, Comparative Politics, and Political Science Quarterly.

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1 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Secularism and State Policies toward Religion
By Amazon Customer
This book is written by my Political Science professor and I like how he describes and explains secularist ideology. Very thorough but up to the point at the same time. I love it!

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Does the job.
By Sofi
Needed this book for a class; pretty dry but did the job for my polisci class

0 of 1 people found the following review helpful.
Its Secularism That Matters
By Michael Griswold
Ahmet Kuru attempts to tackle a very complex question why certain states have state-religion policies that accommodate religion, while others have policies that create these parallel societies, a religious one and a secular one. Kuru uses historical analysis to detail three key cases: France, The United States, and Turkey. The three states in question were all founded by men of religious faith, yet they did not formally establish their religion as the absolute religion of the land. This commitment to secularism butts up against the quest for religious rights as enshrined in many states constitutions.

Secularism itself according to Kuru is not an absolute condition, in some states it has some flexibility, while elsewhere it remains largely impenetrable. Kuru’s ideas make sense intuitively in the state-religious policies debate, but the analysis is largely based on the policies of the state towards religion in education policies. It would be interesting to see what would happen if the focus of the study was changed to another public policy arena, but the focus on education seems appropriate because of the high visibility of the issue in the three countries under study.

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! Get Free Ebook Economic Development and Transition: Thought, Strategy, and Viability, by Justin Yifu Lin

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In Economic Development and Transition, renowned development economist Justin Yifu Lin argues that economic performance in developing countries depends largely on government strategy. If the government plays a facilitating role, enabling firms to exploit the economy's comparative advantages, its economy will develop successfully. However, governments in most developing countries attempt to promote industries that go against their comparative advantages by creating various kinds of distortion to protect nonviable firms in priority industries. Failing to recognize the original intention of many distortions, most governments in transition economies attempt to eliminate those distortions without addressing firms' viability problems, causing economic performance to deteriorate in their transition process. Governments in successful transition economies adopt a pragmatic dual-track approach that encourages firms to enter sectors that were suppressed previously and gives necessary support to firms in priority industries before their viability issue is addressed.

• Sales Rank: #1521566 in Books
• Published on: 2009-03-16
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.98" h x .43" w x 5.98" l, .65 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 182 pages

Review
"No economist has a deeper understanding of the policies that have given rise to the Chinese economic miracle than Justin Yifu Lin. He has not only influenced the thinking of government and business leaders in China, but also of economic analysts in the United States and Western Europe. This is essential reading for anyone who wants to understand the likely course of the global economy over the next generation." - Robert Fogel, Nobel Laureate, University of Chicago

"Justin Lin's Marshall lectures provide an unrivaled opportunity to both understand the spectacular rise of Asian economics over the past several decades and to cast a jaundiced eye on standard explanations of development by economists. Western training in economics combined with an insider's exposure to China's development has given him both a skeptical view of standard western development economics and an intimate insider's view of the details of the pragmatic approach that has characterized Asian and particularly Chinese spectacular development." - Douglass C. North, Nobel Laureate, Washington University in St. Louis

"This is an important book in many ways. Two strike me as central. Professor Lin is a scholar of great insight who has experienced and participated in the policy debate in China, the largest and fastest growing economy thus far. His intimate insight into policy formulation in a transitional economy informs his rigorous theoretical analysis and brings the development part of growth and development back to center stage. Second, the analysis of the consequences of aligning or misaligning the evolving endowments of an economy with its evolving growth strategy is insightful and surely right. It has its roots in trade theory and comparative advantage. But turning that into a body of dynamic analysis of growth strategy and policy is a major achievement." - Michael Spence, Nobel Laureate, Stanford University

"Development and transition pose extremely difficult challenges. In these masterly Lectures, Justin Lin, now the World Bank's Chief Economist, brings to these complex subjects a profound understanding of the problems they raise and also unusual insights from his first-hand experience with China's spectacular performance. The Lectures are a tour de force." - Jagdish Bhagwati, University Professor, Columbia University

"Justin Lin, who has been at the center of the policy debates in China since the 1980's, has provided a masterly account of the economic rationale of the Chinese path of transition from the plan to the market. His book is essential reading for understanding the Chinese economic miracle." - Deepak Lal, James Coleman Professor of International Development Studies, University of California, Los Angeles

"Justin Lin's study combines economic theory, institutional knowledge, quantitative data, and an appreciation for the importance of starting conditions in determining the success of different plan for economic development. His most unique contribution is the emphasis on how different starting points dictate very different optimal policies, which explains why shock therapy policies have been less than great successes in formerly communist countries like Russia, whereas China's more gradualist elimination of state enterprises has been working very well. Lin's point of view is controversial, but highly stimulating. I strongly recommend this book as an insightful study that interprets an impressive amount of actual evidence of attempts at economic development through the powerful lens of economic analysis." - Gary Becker, Nobel Laureate, University of Chicago

"This is a brilliant and revolutionary book explaining why some developing countries have succeeded and others failed. Lin argues that it is ideas, even more than interests, that matter. Those countries that failed attempted to modernize through a strategy of modernization focusing on heavy industry-that he characterizes as defying their comparative advantage. By contrast, governments in the successful countries (mostly in East Asia) facilitated the development of industries and the adoption of technology in a developing country following their comparative advantage determined by their endowment structure at every phase of development. Successful governments did intervene in their economy-the Washington consensus was wrong. But they did so in the right way. The World Bank is lucky to have as its Chief Economist someone willing and able to look at development with fresh eyes, free from the dogmas of the past." - Joseph Stiglitz, Nobel Laureate, Columbia University

"The exposition of this volume is clear and straightforward. References to the development literature are plentiful and helpful. And the ample footnotes are ignored only at the reader's peril. Overall, it makes a stimulating, thought-provoking, and instructive read." - Economic Development and Cultural Change

About the Author
Justin Yifu Lin is Senior Vice President and Chief Economist of the World Bank. He obtained his PhD in economics from the University of Chicago in 1986 and returned to China in 1987, the first PhD in social sciences to return from abroad after China started economic reform in 1979. He was the founding director of China Center for Economic Research at Peking University from 1994 to 2008 and is the author of sixteen books, including The China Miracle (1996) and State-Owned Enterprise Reform in China (2001).

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5 of 5 people found the following review helpful.
Likely Nobel Prize Winner -
By Loyd Eskildson
Justin Yifu Lin's "Economic Development and Transition" provides an excellent summary of the recent evolution of economic development thinking and the role of industrial policy. Dr. Justin earned a master's degree in Marxist political economy from Peking University and a PhD at the University of Chicago, founded the China Center for Economic Research, and is the World Bank's chief economist. He contends that the primary factor in nations moving from poverty to wealth is the appropriateness of government development strategy. Lessons come from the rapid growth path followed by a small number of countries such as Brazil, Chile, China, Indonesia, India, Korea, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam; other nations, especially the Soviet Union and its satellites, Africa, and the Middle East, provide counter-examples.

State-led, top-down development leaders in many 1950s-60s underdeveloped nations steered resources away from labor-intensive activities to capital intensive industries such as steel-making, protected by trade barriers and nurtured by cheap loans. In the Soviet Union, India, and China, the government controlled prices of credit, energy, raw materials, labor, etc. brought artificially lower costs of developing heavy industry; at the micro level, managers had no autonomy. The result was slower growth and greater income inequality than otherwise. Returning to comparative advantage then required eliminating distorted state-set prices, liberalizing trade, improving incentives, and allowing the non-state sector to grow.

China began its economic transformation effort with Mao's focus on heavy industry, creating the 'Great Leap Forward' fiasco and the starvation of millions. To be fair, however, China had been invaded by America, Britain, France, Japan, Germany, and Russia during the 20th century, and had not performed well technologically during the Korean War - thus, he saw heavy industry as essential for military strength. Import substitution was also pursued - intended to avoid exploitation by more developed countries. At the time, 84% of its labor force was employed in primary activities, mostly agriculture. After Mao's death came Deng Xiaoping's pragmatic experimentation that ended up instead focusing on China's comparative advantage - cheap labor. Deng's transformation resulted in a temporary 'dual-price' economy that allowed gradual 'reform without losers' instead of the "shock therapy" of the 'Washington Consensus' (immediate fiscal discipline, end of subsidies, tax reform, trade liberalization, privatization, deregulation) that most Western economists recommended at the time. (During the 1970s, the Washington Consensus had replaced earlier belief that developing countries should first focus on capital intensive industries.)

Justin Lin asserts that successful economic development is more complicated than shock therapy would imply. Non-viability of firms in transitional economies may instead arise from other factors such as disadvantageous scale economies, learning curve benefits, education levels, transportation ease, average income levels, etc. Shock therapy, applied to such situations simply creates large-scale avoidable unemployment and businesses bankruptcies (eg. the Soviet Union). This is also the likely reason why Russian farmers opposed privatization after Glasnost - their farming success was based on extensive mechanization that might be impossible with smaller private plots. Similarly, Japan has refused to subject its farmers to global competition - too much unemployment would result.

Justin's lesson in this is that when reforming economies, "government should not have a predetermined, grand blueprint;" successful identifying and eliminating binding constraints is key. Privatization of agriculture was key to China's initial success, but seen as likely disastrous by the Soviets. However, subjecting Chinese agriculture to international competition too soon would probably have created massive chaos and unemployment. China did not undergo its version of 'shock therapy' until private firms had grown sufficiently to offer credible employment opportunities, and a social safety-net (selling off at attractive terms the housing owned by state-owned enterprises [SOEs], establishing unemployment and retraining benefits).

'Private firms' in the preceding context includes TVEs (township/village enterprises) established by community residents, mostly begun after reforms had begun, and not run by the central government. Land and funding were often contributed by the local government. China's TVEs faced market competition from their inception in the early 1980s, buying inputs from the market channel of the dual-track system, selling products at market prices, and raising capital on their own or at market interest rates. There were no restrictions on the type of industries they could enter, their rapid growth during initial reform years provided important employment havens for those displaced by farming and other reforms, but they were not protected. While property rights were not clear, their performance was closely related to the interests of the local governments; they were also attractive candidates for privatization and investment - despite incompetent and corrupt courts.

Another example of the need for careful situational analysis before writing prescriptions - Africa has high transport costs (about 2.5X China), low-productivity agriculture, and a heavy disease burden - supposedly preventing it from embarking on high growth despite large amounts of foreign aid. Yet, the same could have been said of Vietnam, which was also suffering from economic sanctions by the U.S. and the lack of economic aid. Yet, it succeeded in moving forward, while Africa has stagnated.

Modern methods of production are economically possible only if the internal and external markets are large enough. If not, countries will be trapped in lower-levels of development. On the other hand, as firms move closer to the global technology frontier, it becomes increasingly difficult for them to acquire mature technology from others, increasing investors' risk. Growing larger also increases risk of market maturity.

Justin's new development economics concludes that the role of the state in upgrading an economy should be limited to the provision of information about new industries, compensation of pioneer firms for obtaining new information (R&D, and purchasing expertise, technology, and equipment from foreign firms), incubating new industries (tax benefits, protection through tariffs and China-specific technology standards, preferential treatment in government purchasing) and encouraging foreign direct investment (FDI). Justin does not refer to one of the Chinese government's major contributions - forcing FDI providers to also provide technology transfer as a condition for being granted permission to operate.

[Aside: Protection through technology standards is used as leverage to reduce royalty payments, per some experts. Product inspections and certifications serve to delay foreign firms.]

China has emphasized FDI, and Justin also prefers it, for several reasons. 1)It usually is targeted toward industries consistent with a country's comparative advantage. 2)FDI backers are less panic prone than holders of bank loans, and less speculative prone than those pursuing portfolio investment. 3)FDI does not generate the same acute problems of financial crises as do debt. 4)FDI also brings technology, management, access to markets, and social networking to recipient nations.

By way of comparison, Japan, Hong Kong, and Taiwan began their economic transformation in the 1950s-60s with a greater emphasis on labor-intensive production, far less SOEs, and then moving to progressively higher value-added manufacturing. Thus, they avoided most of the pains of China's transition.

China's success is also attributable to its exploitation of the advantage of backwardness - importing what the world knows allows leapfrogging early stages and greater certainty of capital investment success. Justin Lin, however, suggests not trying to jump too far from one's current abilities. (This does not preclude eg. China's also leapfrogging extended efforts refining internal-combustion technology to focus instead on electric vehicles, an entirely different technology in which it holds the lead - Bill Russo, "Fortune," 10/19/2010.)

Western ownership models are not necessarily superior, per Justin Lin. Large numbers of small stockholders, for example, are unable to influence management, while large stockholders are generally more interested in short-term gains and financial manipulation (eg. stock buybacks, leveraged buyouts, program trading). Executive directors from within the company, of course, do not effectively supervise themselves, while non-executive directors are usually well-paid and often nominated by executive directors - undermining the effectiveness of their supervisory role. Poison-pill anti-takeover devices raise more problems. Financial debt discipline depends on rigorous arrangements and procedures for bankruptcy, and normally has very limited impact on management. Thus, information asymmetry between inside and outside directors, incentive incompatibility (stock options for insiders, limited or no shares for outsiders), and limited liability (eg. golden parachutes for insiders) remain problems - only sufficient and fair competition can cure these problems. New Zealand reformed its SOEs beginning in 1986 by placing them in a competitive market environment rather than changing to private ownership.

Profit cannot serve as a sufficient information indicator of managerial performance (eg. impacted by imposed social responsibilities for hiring, use of particular local resources; accounting and short-term policy differences), operation on a different level of scale and learning-curve economies vs. competitors.

After initial successes following a nation's comparative advantages, its physical, economic, and human endowments will grow. However, to move further up the economic ladder, infrastructure (hard - power, communications, transportation and port facilities; soft - financial and legal institutions, protection of new industries to allow achievement of scale economies, education, productive values) will likely need to be further upgraded. The state can coordinate those gradual upgrades, including coaxing firms into more sophisticated industries, encouraging savings (eg. raising interest rates, providing deposit insurance, exhortation; household savings equate to about 20% of China's GDP, businesses and government the rest), compensating pioneer firms for their innovations, and 'encouraging' multinational producers to find participants at the desired next level.

The one weakness of Justin Lin's thinking is that too often dictators leading reforming economies are not benevolent, largely operating instead in their own self-interest (eg. Africa, the Middle East); alternatively, they sometimes are possibly well-intentioned but poorly informed (eg. Mao).

Bottom-Line: "It is fair to say that nobody really believes in the 'Washington Consensus' anymore. The question now . . . is what will replace it." (Dani Rodrik, Harvard - written before this book) Professor Rodrik is both too optimistic and too pessimistic. Old Washington Consensus doctrine still dominates America (despite McKinsey consultants now advising others on how to do it right) and is decimating our economy. Fortunately, the clarity, depth of knowledge, and obvious logic and documentation of best practices underlying Justin Lin's "Economic Development and Transition" provides the foundation for replacing it. The 'really good news' is that as the World Bank's chief economist, Justin Lin is pushing a more pragmatic, trial-and-error approach to development, akin to China's. Given his risk-taking nature (he defected to China from Taiwan by swimming across the strait), there's reason to hope for more successes.

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America's two party system is highly stable, but its parties' issue positions are not. Democrats and Republicans have changed sides on many subjects, including trade, civil rights, defense spending, and fiscal policy, and polarized on newer issues like abortion and gun control. Yet party position change remains poorly understood. In this book David Karol views parties as coalitions of groups with intense preferences on particular issues managed by politicians. He explains important variations in party position change: the speed of shifts, the stability of new positions, and the extent to which change occurs via adaptation by incumbents. Karol shows that the key question is whether parties are reacting to changed preferences of coalition components, incorporating new constituencies, or experimenting on "groupless" issues. He reveals that adaptation by incumbents is a far greater source of change than previously recognized. This study enhances our understanding of parties, interest groups, and representation.

• Sales Rank: #1096355 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Cambridge University Press
• Published on: 2009-11-23
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 8.98" h x .83" w x 5.98" l, 1.00 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 326 pages

Features

• Used Book in Good Condition

Review
"We often think of the long-term stability in the positions that the parties take on major issues. Changes, when they come, are supposed to be associated with major events, perhaps realignments. And yet, as Karol shows, there is more change than that. Not only that, but, as he shows, there are three different paths, with different dynamics and speeds of adjustment, the latter largely due to the role of 'interest coalitions.' Karol demonstrates his claims through careful study of a number of particular issues, showing, inter alia, that what we think of as left and as right, as Democrat and Republican is a function of parties, leaders, and interests, all of which change over time. And, in this, we learn not only much about American politics but about the limits of our scholarly understandings and the theories that lie behind them."
-John Aldrich, Duke University

"David Karol's new book tackles the thorny issue of why and how parties change positions on issues. This is a topic we know far too little about. Karol corrects this situation by gathering an impressive array of evidence and thinking through many of the difficult theoretical issues that confront this tricky subject. By so doing, he advances our understanding of interest groups, political parties, and representation. It is a book I recommend to anyone interested in the study of party politics."
-John G. Geer, Vanderbilt University

"Karol's insightful book begins by reminding us that the two U.S. political parties have completely reversed their positions over time on such weighty issues as civil rights, trade, and fiscal policy. His original explanation emphasizes coalitional negotiations between organizations, voters, politicians, and party leaders. Not only do those negotiations require shifts in party policy, they require leading politicians to change their own policy positions in response. Karol's account of the timely and dramatic conversions of leading politicians on abortion and civil rights makes for fascinating reading."
-Gary Miller, Washington University, St. Louis

About the Author
David Karol is Assistant Professor of Political Science at the Charles and Louise Travers Department of Political Science, UC Berkeley. He was formerly a Visiting Scholar at the Center for the Study of Democratic Politics at Princeton University. He is co-author of The Party Decides: Presidential Nominations Before and After Reform and co-editor of Evolution and Revolution in the Presidential Nominations Process: 2008 and Beyond. His work has appeared in the Journal of Politics, Studies in American Political Development, International Organization, Brookings Review, and The Forum. He has lectured in Europe and Asia and is frequently interviewed in electronic and print media.

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0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Excellent work of Political Science!
By Todd
This book is a rare example of important political science research that is presented in a clear, well organized fashion. It delivers on it's premise and is very educational. If you are interested in learning about the true nature of political parties, you need to read this book!

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? Download PDF Grammar in Use Intermediate: Self-study Reference and Practice for Students of North American English - with Answers, by Raymond Murphy

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Grammar in Use Intermediate is a highly successful grammar text known for its clear, concise explanations and innovative format. Ideal for students preparing for the TOEFL ® test or other standard examinations, the new edition of this popular North American English grammar title offers even more support, with a larger format to include more explanation and practice, eight new units on phrasal verbs, and 10 pages of Additional Exercises. This edition, with answers, can be used in the classroom or for self-study.

• Sales Rank: #13860 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Cambridge University Press
• Published on: 2009-04-27
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 7.72" h x .71" w x 10.39" l, 1.80 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 380 pages

Features

• Used Book in Good Condition

Most helpful customer reviews

0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
Very good
By Supertastic
Excellent book. Comprehensive and divided into short units, which makes it east to get through.

30 of 34 people found the following review helpful.
The grammar book you need
By BuyerBeware22
If you are an intermediate or advanced student and you feel you need reliable English grammar information and practice, you should buy this book.

If you are an ESL instructor and you are looking for materials that will help you answer the questions your students keep asking you, you owe it to yourself and your students to look at this book.

There is no better grammar practice book for upper-intermediate to advanced students of American English available than Grammar in Use.

----

As a longtime ESL professional with many years of experience both in the USA and abroad, I have been working with various Cambridge University Press "In Use" titles since the beginning of my career. At present, I work in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania as an adult ESL instructor for Allegheny County's community-based adult program and I also do corporate ESL training on a contracted basis.

Grammar In Use is my standard grammar reference text for all upper-intermediate to advanced ESL groups working to learn English for general purposes. I ask practically all my private students at these levels to buy this book, or I buy it for them. The majority find that it is the best investment in their English language learning they have ever made.

The third edition of GIU incorporate the changes made in the British third edition of this book. These include a number of new units greatly expanding coverage of phrasal verbs and also minor but important changes to the explanations and exercises throughout the book. These small changes bring grammar explanations up to date with shifting usage patterns today, and also tweak a few descriptions to make explaining grammar issues easier for instructors.

The order of things in the English language teaching world today is that the majority of US-trained ESL instructors tend to use the Azar series for regular grammar supplementation theory and exercises, while British-trained instructors prefer the "In Use" titles. I've used both over the years. For a previous edition of this book, another reviewer on this site, in an excellent technical review, has already outlined all my primary professional objections to the Azar series. The reviewer has also touched on the main reasons why far too many US-based ESL instructors continue to rely on the Azar titles as much as they do.

It may seem strange that two professionals would explicitly mention the Azar titles in a negative context in reviews for another book, but I can only say in response that I am very thankful it has been years since the last time I was asked to adopt the Azar books as set texts in an ESL class.

I only wish that I had had the chance to read something like this or had been able to use it to discuss grammar supplementation policies with some of the ESL managers I worked with in the earlier years of my own career, and that's why I've written and posted it here.

15 of 16 people found the following review helpful.
Grammar in use
By Jack
Very nice updated book. Probably one of the best references for English grammar. It is the third edition who looks like the other ones. They renewed essentially the design but the lessons remain the same as the previous edition.
Good book for the students who are looking for a strong intermediate grammar reference. If you have the previous version, you do not really need to buy this one. Do not forget to get the advanced grammar book from the same author, which is more focus on writing English.

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# Free PDF The Song Cycle (Cambridge Introductions to Music), by Laura Tunbridge

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The song cycle was one of the most important musical genres of the nineteenth century. Famous examples by Schubert, Schumann and Mahler have received a great deal of attention. Yet many other cycles - by equally famous composers, from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries - have not. The Song Cycle introduces key concepts and a broad repertoire by tracing a history of the genre from Beethoven through to the present day. It explores how song cycles reflect the world around them and how national traditions and social relationships are represented in composers' choice of texts and musical styles. Tunbridge investigates how other types of music have influenced the scope of the song cycle, from operas and symphonies to popular song. A lively and engaging guide to this important topic, the book outlines how performance practices, from concert customs to new recording technologies, have changed the way we listen.

• Sales Rank: #469843 in Books
• Brand: Brand: Cambridge University Press
• Published on: 2011-03-07
• Original language: English
• Number of items: 1
• Dimensions: 9.72" h x .39" w x 6.85" l, 1.10 pounds
• Binding: Paperback
• 256 pages

Features

• Used Book in Good Condition

Review
'Scholars and teachers will be grateful for the brand-new emphases on performing traditions and performers, on the 20th-century cycle, on the migrations of the song cycle into non-Germanic lands, and on the cycle in popular music. Much of this is original work, superbly done and beautifully written ... Tunbridge's introductory chapter on concepts is the clearest approach (and the most thought-provoking) to vexed issues of definition I have ever encountered.' Susan Youens, J. W. Van Gorkom Professor of Music Musicology, University of Notre Dame

'Illuminating.' Classical Music

About the Author
Laura Tunbridge is Senior Lecturer in Music at the University of Manchester. She is the author of Schumann's Late Style (2007) and co-editor of Rethinking Schumann, as well as having contributed chapters and articles to The Cambridge Companion to Schumann (2007), The Musical Quarterly, Music and Letters, the Cambridge Opera Journal, Opera Quarterly and The Journal of the Royal Musical Association.

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